During colonial era the district was named Sipolilo because the European colonialists could not pronounce the name of one of the area’s five traditional chiefs, Chipuriro. The other four chiefs were Bepura, Matsiwu, Chapoto and Chisungo.
It should be noted that traditional administration and boundaries changed significantly from the colonial era until Zimbabwe gained independence in 1980. For example, some headmen may have become village heads and vice versa. Notably Chimbwerere a former headman is now recognised as Chief Chimbwerere. Currently the district has three official chiefs: Chipuriro, Bepura and Chimbwerere. Therefore, this summary functions purely as a historical narrative and does not intend to support or discredit anyone.
CHIEF CHIPURIRO
Their traditional name of the chieftainship is Chipuriro. The group belongs to the Soko totem and Wafawanaka is their praise name. They originated from Vakorekore clan and hence they speak Korekore language. The area they occupied was called Guruve.
History
It is alleged that Tapfuma Naisi Chimurenda was not appointed by a svikiro to become the chief, but his father Chimurenda was too old and incapacitated to take the position of chief and subsequently his son was then appointed the chief. This was approved by the elders and the supreme mhondoro Chingowo. The appointer or dunzvi was Chimanikire and the chief was appointed by the district commissioner, Mt Leatt. He was appointed chief on the 21st of January 1963.
Later, Tapfuma took over from Ganda who had been authorised to act after the death of his brother Mbairatsunga. He was not a popular choice because Mbairatsunga came from the Gweshe house while other chiefs came from Chaitambudzika’s house. Tapfuma came from this house as well.
There were several svikiros (a person through whom the spirit of an ancestor speaks) or mhondoros in the Guruve district. Each had their own area of influence and served a fixed clan or group. Then appointment of chiefs often hinged on the whims of the svikiro responsible for that chieftainship.
Genealogy
Chinguwo was regarded the ancestor or root of the clan, and he was the supreme svikiro because he is the founder of the whole tribe, he was the keeper of the rain, the father of all mhondoros. Chingowo’s son was Chembere who had two sons Nyasoka and Dumbu. Nyasoka’s son was Chisanhu the father of Chikwashu who was the first Chipuriro. After Chikwashu, his sons Gweshe and Chitambudziki inherited the throne respectively. Gweshe and Chitambudziki had several sons. Gweshe’s sons were Nyamaka, Zambiringa, Chinodziya and Machingauta and non of them was a chief. On the other hand Chitambudziki’s sons Nyamakaricho, Chipuriro and Chingwaru all inherited the throne one after the other. Later the chieftainship was inherited by Chipuriro’s sons Mbairakuenda and Kugotsi respectively. After Kugotsi the tree indicate that that is when Mbairatsunga from Gweshe’s house was chief and after him the chieftainship went back to Chipuriro’s son Machengo who was a decendant of Chaitambudzika.
It is said that Mbairatsunga was not supposed to hold the chieftainship, but he bribed the head native messenger sergeant of the native commissioner’s office, Sergeant Changa who influenced the Assistant Native Commissioner (Mr Buckley) of the day.
Chief Chipuriro had several headmen who had several villages under them. These headmen included Mawodzeka (11), Jaji (7), Kugotsi (10), Katanda (5), Makozhombwe (4), Chiwara (8), Dinhidza (4), Gweshe (8), Nhamhoyebonde (6), Nyamaka (5), Chimanikire (5), Karadu (24), Mupinyuri (15), Chiutare (7), Tawa (13) and Gakanje (7) -the numbers in brackets indicate the villages or kraals that were under each headman.
Boundary
The area occupied by chief Bepura and his followers until 1941 was under the control of Chipuriro. The boundary commences at the confluence of Dande and Mupinge rivers and then follows the latter to its confluence with Zambezi River upstream to its intersection with the European farming area along the boundary to Dande river and down Dande river to the starting point.
Functions of the chief
He wields the judicial authority and receives cases from all the headmen in the event they have failed to achieve a peaceful settlement. The chief is the land authority. He instructs usage land for grazing and farming. Headmen are his advisors on land matters.
Headman Gakanje
Gakanje is their traditional name for the headmanship. The clan belong to the Soko totem and Wafawanaka is their praise name. Their area was called kwaKunguma. They belong to the Korekore tribe and they also speak Korekore.
Headman Makoronga Gakanje was appointed in 1963 by chief Chipuriro and the district commissioner. Other headmen also approved the appointment. Gakanje was the first headman followed by Musarurwa who was then succeeded by Makoronga. All these originate from Chingowo.
Villages in this area included Zuze, Charindapanze, Chigwandaza, Muwengwa, Nyambara, Mapaka, and Gakanje.
Boundary
The boundary follows the Chinhoyi road from where it crosses the Mupinge river to Kungoma turn off along that road to Zambezi River to its confluence with Mupunge or possibly Mupunga upto Chinhoyi road.
Functions of headman
Cases are received from the villages, and serious cases are referred to chief Chipuriro. Court assessors were Muwengwa, Nyambara and Zuze. Gakanje allocated land after consulting with the chief. Musarurwa the father of Gakanje was a dunzvi for the svikiro of Dumbu and beer was brewed at his compound.
Headman Mupinyuri
Their traditional name is Mpinyuri and their area is also called Mpinyuri. They belong to the Korekore tribe and they speak Korekore. Gwai is their while their praise name is Wadyegora.
Dende Mpinyuri was appointed in 1963 and was selected by kraalheads and then appointed by chief Chipuriro. He was selected on the basis of popularity. After appointment Dende’s father went to Dumbu who confirmed the appointment.
History
The ancestors of these people came from Gora in Chegutu district, for no known reason and settled in Guruve. Their history of succession is not that detailed. It is said Mupinyuri was the first headman and after him his sons Kapfurutsa and Jonga inherited the throne respectively. After Jonga, the headmanship went to Kapfurutsa’s son Tenhu who had other brothers Tomo and Ndirere who did not inherit the throne. Jonga had sons Chiwombera and Chakanyuka but were not headmen. Tenhu was succeeded by one of his brothers Makai. After Makai Mupinyuri Dende became headman in 1963 and he was Tenhu’s son. The boundary was vague and not clear and was not recorded.
Villages in this area included Mupinyuri, Katsiga, Mutami, Jinya, Chiyangwa, Mubaiwa, Nyanhete, Usayi, Pawakwenyewa, Rimbi, Chifamba, Masiyachengo, Chirimunjiri, Nyika and Chikwamba.
Functions of headman
Cases are received from kraalheads. Only minor cases are heard, and all other cases are referred to chief Chipuriro. The headman allocates land and then notifies the chief.
Headman Katanda
Katanda is the traditional name for the headmanship. The clan belongs to the Soko totem, and their praise name is Wafawanaka. This group branched from the Korekore tribe. Karikoga Katanda was recognised as headman in 1963 when many others were also recognised by the District Commissioner. It is alleged that the appointment was felt like imposed by the Rhodesian Administration and not by the will of the people. However, the district commissioner disputed this version of the story. Under normal circumstances the headman was supposed to be selected by kraalheads and then appointed by Chief Chipuriro.
Villages in the area included Katanda, Kanengoni, Mawurukira, Barawa and Tagara.
Functions of the headman
Cases were received from the villages. The court day was on Fridays and Mawurukira, Huni and Chitunhu were the assessors. Minor disputes were only heard and other matters were referred to chief Chipuriro.
No community boundary was provided.
Headman Jaji
Jaji was the traditional name for the headmanship. This group stems from the Soko totem and their praise name is Wafawanaka. They belong to the VaKorekore tribe, and their area was known as Semeneka referring to a stream. The basis for appointment was through votes of the kraalheads, and the chief was supposed to endorse.
Villages that made up the area encompassed of Magwenya, Karezi, Chipuriro, Gondiwa, Mutata, Mutami and Musapurwa.
Boundary
The boundary starts at Chowuredzi hill to Mupinge river via Karoi stream, then up Mupinge for a distance to its confluence with Nderere stream which is followed up to near St. Nicholas school then back to Chowuredzi hill (via Karoi stream for a part of the way).
Functions of the headman
Cases are brought from the villages through kraalheads. Only minor cases were dealt with, and the rest were referred to Chief Chipuriro. The court sat on Tuesdays and Fridays and assessors of the court were Gwande, Mugwenga and Musafiri. Land is allocated by the headman who then informs the chief.
Headman Tawa
Tawa is their traditional name for the headmanship. They belong to the Soko totem, and their praise name is Ndirashe. The group belongs to the Korekore tribe and they speak Korekore language. Their area was called Kazanzi/ Kangowa and Manga.
Headman Sikayi Tawa was appointed in 1963 after being selected by the kraalheads and appointed by the district commissioner. Basis for selection was that he was a respected person. No spiritual ceremony was held before and after his appointment.
History
The headman claims that his ancestor is from Guruuswa but does not claim a direct relationship with Chingowo. At one time they branched from Dinhidza group and are also related with the Jaji people. The history of succession is as follows: Tawa was the first headman followed by Mutambo who was Mutedzapasi’s brother. After Mutambo came Tigere who was Mutedzapasi’s son. Tigere was followed by his son Sikayi and Sikayi was succeeded by his brother Nyakudya.
Villages included Tawa, Mutseta, Chiwiro, Gangarawe, Mashonganyika, Chakawadzo, Shokora, Jonga/Danga, Mhonyera, Mandizha, Tamanikwa, Kunatsa and Chatiza. There was no fixed boundary, but they depended on the kraals to estimate the area. Functions of the headman are like previous headmen.
Headman Makozhombwe
The group belongs to the Soko totem, and their praise name is Wafawanaka. They are VaKorekore tribe who speak Korekore. Their area was called Machiri (we Mazhanje because of the trees-wild loquat or sugar plum).
This group traced their history from Nyatsoka. There is a remarkable affinity among Tawa, Dinhidza and Makozhombwe groups. Villages in the area included Makozhombwe, Magura, Nhawuriro and Tunduwe which belonged to the Ngonya/Gushungo totem whereas the other three belonged to the Soko, Wafawanaka clan.
Their genealogy is traced back to Nyasoka who was the father of the first Makozhombwe who had a son called Nyanengwa and Nyanengwa’s son Musoni became the second headman. Musoni had several sons. His sons Munyoro, Nyandebvu and Madzura became headmen respectively. Munyoro had several sons namely Magura, Pote, Fuka, Magaya aand Mubayiwa but none of them was headman. On the other hand, Nyandebvu had two sons Tarisika and Mandumbi and Mandumbi inherited the headmanship after his uncle Madzura.
No community boundary description and the functions of the headman are like the other headmen above.
Headman Dinhidza
The group belongs to the Soko totem, and their praise name is Wafawanaka. They are from Korekore tribe. The area was called Machiri.
Ngoshi Dinhidza claimed to be Chipuriro’s muchinda. Recognition was merely given to the fact that Ngoshi was the kraalhead of Dinhidza kraal- a senior or parent kraal which accounts for the setting up of various junior kraals.
The genealogy provided indicates the succession of Dinhidza kraalheads and not the headmen. The first kraalhead was Kamvuri who was the son of Dinhidza. Magwere was the second headman after his brother Kamvuri. Magwere was followed by his brother Mudzinge who was then succeeded by his son Ngoshi.
Villages in the area included Dinhidza, Mushonga, Mudzimiri and Chimbumo.
Functions of the headman
Cases were brought from the villages or kraals, and other case s were referred to chief Chipuriro. The headman got advice from the svikiro on other matters.
There was no boundary description, but the group did not extend geographically beyond Shinje river which was claimed to be the boundary.
Headman Nhamoyebonde
Nhamoyebonde was their traditional name of the headmanship. This group belongs to the Zezuru tribe and they speak Korekore. They are from the Shava totem and Mufakose is their praise name. Chirenje Nhamoyebonde was appointed in 1963 by chief Chipuriro and the district commissioner at the request of the kraalheads. There was no spiritual ceremony conducted.
History
The group originated from a place called Semba (somewhere in Mazowe district) but this does not apply to all the people in the area. This was only because the mhondoro Mutota can only speak in the Dande area so that when a member of his family called Gavanga became possessed with the spirit of he (svikiro Gavanga) took his family to Dande and then later moved to this area.
Villages in the area included Muroyiwa, Gondo, Kabayira, Mapira Nhamoyebonde and Tawarira. No fixed boundary was provided for the area.
Headman Chimanikire
Chimanikire is their traditional name. The group belong to the Shumba totem, and their praise name is Nechinanga. They are from the VaBudya clan and they speak Korekore. Appointment of Maibiri Chimanikire was done in 1963. He was appointed by chief Chipuriro and the district commissioner after being selected by kraalheads. There was no spiritual ceremony to mark the appointment.
History
It is alleged that Chimanikire’s ancestor Tinani came from Mutoko because his people were hunters. They did not have to fight as they had the power to “crown” Chipuriro. The first Chimanikire, son of Tinani married Matare’s daughter. Chingowo told Chupuriro that the first son Matare’s daughter who married Chimanikire should take a cup of water to the mhondoro, Nemanda because of which they would receive no more troubles from wild animals, and this was so.
Matibiri Chimanikire was the dunzvi who anoints chief Chipuriro and this was done in the following manner: the first goes to the mhondoro of Matare (father of Chipuriro) and the Mhondoro will call him the name Nyapfunda (who was the daughter of Matare who married the first Chimanikire); The medium will ask him which house is to have the chieftainship and this will be agreed upon. After this the wachi or possibly bangle is taken off, wrapped in black cloth and taken to Matare. Then it is taken to the medium Chingowo and after that it is given to the new chief. The new chief is then presented to Chingowo and Chingowo then blesses him and gives him good guidance.
The first headman was Chimanikire who was succeeded by his son Kaumwe followed by his brother Mukambitomo followed by his son Matibiri. Villages in the area included Mavunga, Mukambi, Chimanikire, Nhemechena and Mazhambe.
Boundary
The boundary follows the Dande river from its confluence with Shinje to the Chimunyu hill then to Kawocha hill then to Cheshato pool, to the Shinje river to its confluence with the Dande river.
Headman Kugotsi
The group belong to the Soko totem, and their praise name is Wafawanaka. They are from the Korekore tribe. Their area is called Chawe- a small hill. Wazvaramhaka Kugotsi was appointed headman by the district commissioner in 1963. It is alleged the appointment did not stem from the wish of the people but was imposed by the Rhodesian government.
Villages in the area comprised of Kamambo, Gwangure, Muza, Chitawunike or Kugotsi, Kamuka, Muchiwa, Chawuruka, Chokonya/ possibly Jokonya, Chazanga and Chukuse. There were some movements from this area. For example, kraalhead Mushongahande moved to Kachuta tribal trust land and kraalhead Mukuya moved to Bakasa tribal trust land. These people moved voluntarily because they had too little land to work on.
Headman Gweshe
The group belongs to the Soko totem and Wafawanaka is their praise name. They belong to the Korekore tribe. The area is known as Ruwinga- a small hill.
Villages in this area include Chitsiga, Muzurura, Kurambwe, Gweshe, Nyamufukudza, Chembere, Kasinauyo and Vheremu. In terms of movements, kraalhead Marufu moved to Kachuta tribal trust land and Chirindapanze moved to headman Gakanje. Functions of the headman are like other above headmen.
Headman Nyamhaka
Nyamhaka is their traditional name. Soko is their totem and Wafawanaka is their praise name. They belong to the Korekore tribe and they speak Korekore. Their area was called Musaka (other names included Nyamaka and Mawodzeka). The appointment of Siyasimba Nyamhaka was in 1963. He was appointed by the district commissioner Mr Leatt on advice of chief Chipuriro and kraalheads concerned. He was selected as a senior kraalhead.
History
Siyasimba was a kraalhead before being appointed a headman in 1963. His ascendants were Chingowo’s people who came from Guruuswa. Chingowo settled in this area, Zvimba in Chinhoyi area and Mutota in the valley.
Villages in the area included Mutsani, Zvitete, Nyamajenjera, Mubatapasango and Nyamhaka. There are no physical boundaries, and the area is solely marked by the houses in the villages.
Functions of the headman
Cases were received from all kraalheads, and major cases were taken to chief Chipuriro. Nyamhaka allocated land and the chief had to approve
Headman Mawodzeka
The group belong to the Soko totem, and their praise name is Wafawanaka. They are from the Korekore clan, and their language is also Korekore. They lived in an area called Museka. Chitiki Mawodzeka was selected a headman by other kraalheads. He was previously a kraalhead. He is from the Chikwashu house. This is the house where many Chipuriro chiefs were from.
The Mawodzeka genealogy is traced back to Chikwashu who had many sons namely Mukana, Gweshe, Zambiringa, Matare and Chimera. Mukana had a son called Shayagwashu, Gweshe had two sons namely Nyamhaka and Tandamudehwe. Machingauta’s son was Machingauta. Matare has several sons namely Chipuriro, Chinopamba, Chireya, Chingwaru, Nyamukarichi, Kachuta, Mubatapasango, Pangani and Tasunga. From these brothers Chinopamba had four sons called Nyemba, Chiwara, Charedzera, and Kugotsi. Chireya’s som Mawodzeka was the first headman succeeded by his son Nyahuma who was succeeded by one of his brothers Chitiki. Some of Mawodzeka’s sons included Mutambiri, Muzeya, Kapiya and Mupandawana but these were never headmen.
Villages in this area included Machobayiwa, Mutasa, Kazingizi, Tuweki, Mawodzeka, Chiwara, Kawara, Murondatsimba, Kananga, Dayira and Muchabaiwa. No boundary was provided.
Functions of the headman
Cases are received from all disputes arising from the group through kraalheads. He solves minor cases and other cases are referred to chief Chipuriro. The headman has no land authority and thus he makes recommendations to the chief and then the chief approves.
Headman Chiutare
Chiutare is their traditional name. Their area is called Mukova. The group belongs to the Shumba totem, and their praise name is Nechinanga. They originated from the Korekore tribe and they speak Korekore language. Marufu Chitutare was appointed headman in 1963 and was selected by kraalheads, appointed by the district commissioner Mr Leatt and chief Chipuriro. The selection basis was popularity and there was no spiritual function that was held before and after the appointment.
History
Chitaure himself descended from a family which comes from Mutoko but there are various families within the area. Their common background is that these families shifted to this area from the Gota farming area in 1919.
Villages in the area comprised of the following: Chipangura, Nyari, Kavura, Kamota, Wachenuka, Mupfurutsa and Chitaure.
Functions of the headman
Cases were received from all the villages through their kraalheads. Major cases and cases on appeal were referred to chief Chipuriro. The headman allocates vacant land and then notifies the chief. The headman consulted the mhondoros in relation to the farming matters and seed is taken to the mhondoros.
Headman Chiwara
Chiwara is their traditional name for the headmanship. They are from the Soko totem and Wafawanaka is their praise name. They are from the Korekore tribe. Their area is called Nyanagavi.
It is said the Chiwara kraal headship was already in the hands of Benhura when he was appointed headman by the district commissioner. Prior to this there was no position of headman in this group. Villages in this area comprised of Chiwara, Matekenya, Kamukaba, Musokeri, Kwadzinoenda, Chirava, Bukuta and Muwodza. There are some people who migrated from this area for example, Kraalheads Mufurutsa and Wachenuka migrated to Headman Chiutare’s area.
The family geanealogy indicates the history of the kraalheads until when Benhura Chiwara was appointed headman in 1963. Their family is traced back to Chikwashu who was their ancestor. Chikwashu’s son was Matare who was the father of Chipuriro. Chipuriro had several sons namely Nyemba, Chiwara who was the first kraalhead, Chawedzera, Kugotsi, Chagumuka, Chituta, Mateko and Nyachengo. Chiwara had two sons called Chavakaira and Duta who were kraalheads respectively. Duta was the father of Benhura who became the first headman from this group.
Headman Kuradu
Their area is known as kwaMunyaradzi. The group belongs to the Korekore tribe and they also speak Korekore. The belong to the Shumba totem and their chidawo is Mbire. In 1963, Munyaradzi Kuradu was appointed headman by the district commissioner on the advice of chief Chipuriro and the kraalheads. He was selected as a senior kraalhead. After the selection, Mukwenya who was a dunzvi, an interpreter of the mhondoro then endorsed his appointment.
History
The headman’s family came from Karomuza (area near Mt. Darwin) before the time of the district commissioner “Mahara” Scott, because his father Gutura married into Mukwenya’s family, who are the descendants of Chingowo.
Villages in the area were Gomba, Besu, Karadu, Dzinzi, Mureya, Mukusa, Nyamangara, Muchada, Tagara, Ndoro, Dzepasi, Maguna, Takaruza, Madyirapanze, Guzuzu/Manungo, Chitsowe, Nyamora, Chidzokurera, Chimupfombo, Nyamakodenga, Shamu, Machingura, Makumbi and Nyamukondiwa.
Boundary
The boundary started at point 3940 (as on the map) being a crossing on Mupagore river of a road leading southwards to points 4014, 3904 and 3812 down Mupagore, river to its confluence with Shinje river down southwards along the road to point 3753 up Mukuwa river to its source and to point 4014 to the starting point.
Functions of the headman
Minor cases were heard from all the villages and major cases that include divorce and adultery were referred to the chief. Reallocation of arable land was done by the headman and if someone required new land they were supposed to approach the chief first.
Then Headman Chimbwerere and now Chief Chimbwerere
Chimbwerere is their traditional name. They are of the Soko totem, and their praise name is Chidziwo. They originated from the Vakorekore or Shambambeva tribe and they speak Korekore. Their area is named Rafanemhuka. Mutuwa Chimbwerere was appointed headman in 1963 by the district commissioner Mr Leatt. Mutuwa was a senior kraalhead of the Chimbwerere kraal. History of succession is as follows: Mbozi Chimbwerere was the first headman followed by his brother Katsiru, who was succeeded by Maruta who was a son of Mbozi who was then succeeded by his brother Tapfira who was succeeded by Mutuwa a son of his brother Chido.
History
The ancestor of the group was Nyamanhindi who came from Guruuswa with Chingowo and settled on the eastern, unoccupied side of Shinje river and ousted the Vatsenga under the leadership of Nyamazunzu, the four eyed one.
The villages in this community included Chimera, Chabvuta, Mangonga, Dauro, Kondo, Kasirori, Katsiru, Mutowa, Vanounama, Hega/Machiya, Gezi, Dete and Chimbwerere.
Boundary
Their boundary lies on the Shinje river, from where it reaches Chimanikire’s area in the west, going southwards where it joins the European farms following the boundary in a northwards direction to where it joins Dande River to where it reaches Nhamoyebonde’s area, then in a straight line south-westerly through Shanje’s store along the boundaries of first Nhamhoyebonde and then Chimanikire to the starting point.
Functions of the headman
Receives cases from the villages through their kraalheads. Major cases and those on appeal go to chief Chipuriro. Chimbwerere allocates lands after consulting with the chief.
Formerly headman Chimbwerere is now a now a recognised chief in the Guruve district.
Headman Mukwenya
Their area is called kwa Mukwenya. They belong to Makuruve/Korekore tribe. They speak Korekore language. Soko is their totem and their chidawo is Wafawanaka. Mhandu Mukwenya was appointed headman by the district commissioner Mr Leatt and chief Chipuriro on the 1st of July 1964. He claims that he was appointed because he had been appointed headman by Masiyachenge Mabaranga who was said to be chief Chipuriro in the early 1930s when Mr Champion was the native commissioner.
History
Chingowo is the headman’s ultimate ancestor, and the history is the same in all others who belong to the Soko/ Wafawanaka clan- that is they come from Guruuswa and they settled in Guruve. Prior to moving to Kachuta tribal trust land in 1963, Mukwenya’s people occupied the area in Chipuriro tribal trust land.
The family genealogy is traced from Chingowo the father of Zvombare the father Dumbu the father of Zoma the father of Kawara who was the first headman. Kawara was succeeded by his son Kawonga who had several sons. Kawonga was succeeded by his son Chitsinde who was succeeded by his brother Mhandu. Othere sons of Kawonga included Gunguwo, Kanondo, Reza, Nyamurasa, Manyonga, Kawara, Nyakuyandu and Kwerera.
Boundary
The boundary starts where the Dande River leaves the upper edge of the Zambezi escarpment down to its confluence with Mupinge river, then southwards along the boundary of Nyakapupu African purchase area to Dope hill. It goes further in a straight-line northward through Bakoreshumba hill to Mariratsoro river which is then followed to its own confluence with Hunyani river to the upper ridge of the Zambezi escarpment to the starting point.
Villages in the area included Barawa/Matope, Chingarawa/Muzinde, Chitemerere, Gawu/Maponga, Goga, Gombarashama/Mapiki, Gondo/Chizinde, Kachuta/Tavhuna, Kanda, Kapuyanika, Karikadzi, Karande/Munzara, Katena/Nyamadzayo, Machingura/Gono, Machuve, Mahwani, Mandere, Muzinde, Mharamasaka, Mukwenja/Majinjiwa, Muringayi, Munyoro, Nyadzoro, Nyamukondenga/Tambu, Nyamurusa/Nyamachengwa, Sabawu, Tawasika and Zirota.
Functions of headman
The headman receives cases from all the villages. Major cases and appeals are sent to chief Chipuriro. The headman initially allocated land to kraalheads who then allocated the land to the people.
Headman Mushongahonde
The group belongs to Sindipori totem, and their praise name is Mbiri. They are traced to the Zezuru tribe and they speak Korekore language. Their area is called Chinguwi. Muchenje Mushongahonde was appointed in 1963 by chief Chipuriro and the district commissioner Mr Leatt. He was chosen by the kraalheads based on popularity and respect.
History
Mushongahonde moved to Kachuta with Mukwenya’s people. His own family came from Shamva and married into the area. His functions are like other headmen.
Headman Mushoshoma
The group lived in kwaMushoshoma. They belong to the Soko totem, and their praise name is Wafawanaka and their other praise names include Napati, Makabvukabvu. The group is from the VaKorekore tribe and they speak Korekore. Mukubwa Mushoshoma was appointed on the 1st of July 1964. He was selected by the people as much as the title was hereditary and had inherited the position in 1952. To sit on the throne, one must first go to mhondoro Mutota.
History
The ancestors of these people came from Guruuswa with Chingowo. The area on the eastern side of the Dande is known as Mutota and it stretches from Mt. Darwin to include Bakasa tribal trust land and the Gota farming area. The western side of Dande is known as Guruve. Matambo is an ancestor of Mushoshoma, lived in Dandajena in area known as Sara and he came to Gota (Mutota’s area). Mutambo was also dunzvi of Mutota and he married a daughter of Mutota and as a result Mutota then appointed him the owner of this area.
The first Mushoshoma was the son of Matambo and was called Mushoshoma. He was later succeeded by his brother Dunya followed by his brother Chiseko. Chiseko was succeeded by Katsenga who was Mashoshoma’s son. After Katsenga came his brother Mazhambe followed by his brother Mukubwa.
The villages in the area included Mushoshoma, Gwatura, Mutukudzi, Baranda, Kimbini, Ruzvidzo, Musauki, Hamadziripi, Tsemuri, Munhuwa, Mumbamuchena, Kufandirori, Tsangura, Gwaze and Penyai.
Boundary
Their boundary starts where the Dande river crosses the escarpment, south along that river to the Gota farms, following the farm boundary then in a line through the hills Matsvai and Ngomwa to the Kadzi river, then follow the Kadzi to the escarpement and to the Dande river.
Functions of the headman
The headman receives cases from all villages and deals with minor cases whereas major cases and appeals are sent to chief Chipuriro.
Headman Kazunga
This group belong to the Korekore tribe and they speak Korekore language. Their totem is Soko and Wafawanaka and Chirongochangu are their praise names. Their area is called kwaKazunga and Kadzi. Tawaziva Kazunga was appointed headman on the 1st of November 1964 by chief Chipuriro and the district commissioner. He was selected by all the people. The basis of selection was by inheritance of the title.
History
The ancestors of this group came from Guruuswa and were scattered over the area. The land they occupy was given during the time of Mr Sherlock (Mutandawachingava). Previously they had lived in the area which form the areas of Nhamoyebonde and Chimanikire near Eureka mine, but they claim the land became scarce when chief Bepura’s people moved into Chipuriro tribal trust land.
The history of their genealogy is limited. They trace their history to Chisanhu followed by Chikwashu followed by Matare. Matare had two sons Kazunga, who became the first Kazunga and Chipuriro. Kazunga was succeeded by his son Muzava who was succeeded by his brother Mashongedza who was followed by his brother Gunyere who was succeeded by his son Tavaziva.
Villages in the area included Matare, Nyagomo, Kazunga, Mazika, Manyoke, Gondo/Matambura, Timuri, Muzhona/Muchere, Mukuya, Kanounama, Zvikumbo and Zviputura. Functions of the headman are like other headmen.
CHIEF BEPURA
The Bepura chieftainship originated I from an area called Damba now Doma. It is said that Bepura was Murisa’s nephew and Murisa was his maternal uncle. It is alleged that Katena was intelligent and honest and one day he was sent by his uncle Murisa to represent him in Chinhoyi and when he was asked to produce his identity, he was then also installed as the chief Bepura. It is said that his uncle was not aggrieved with how things turned out because of Katena’s bravery and how he he carried himself. This group was then moved from Doma in 1941 by the Rhodesian government to the present day Guruve district because the white settler regime wanted to create their European farms in the Doma area which was fertile. Hence there is a close link with the Murisa headmanship described below.
Headman Murisa
Murisa is their traditional name. The group originated from the Korekore/ Vadamba tribe. They speak Korekore language. They belong to the Tembo totem, and their praise name is Koremudere. The area is called kwa Murisa. Tafira was chosen by the people in 1954 as their mambo and was appointed headman by the district commissioner, Mr Leatt and chief Bepura in 1963. He inherited the position from his father. Svikiro Marumaoko assisted in the selection process.
History
The Murisa people claimed to be the rightful rulers of the people who lived in Damba. Shamhu is their oldest ancestor known by name and Nechiramba was the first person to be called Murisa. The following people held the title of Murisa respectively: Nechiramba, Chidyamauro, Mutsikapatinhira, Wenyamawanga, Mujodo, Mukurameso, Mukoreka, Nechombo, Nyamuzuza, Bazare, Tunduya, Nyamakaruza and Tafira.
Bepura is said to have come from Guruuswa during the time of Chidyamauro, with the mhondoro Nechava and how he killed Nyamakwere, a four eyed man who was a troubling Murisa. The other narrative is that Chidyamauro called for assistance from Bepura, Dumbu, Nyadyore and Mukanya to kill Nyamakwere. Chidyamauro climbed a mountain where Nyamakwere was living and they fought with bows and arrows. Nyamakwere’s wife who was Chidyamauro’s daughter then took a black cloth and strangled Nyamakwere. Chidyamauro succumbed from his wounds. Necheramba, the father of Chidyamauro disappeared into the veld because of grief and was never seen again. Having realised Bepura had assisted in the killing of Nyamakwere he was given a place to stay. It is alleged that when the Europeans arrived Bepura was the cleverer than the rest of them and he became a policeman and with his influence he got the chieftainship.
When Kachuta tribal trust land was opened in 1963, a meeting of all kraalheads was held by chief Bepura and Murisa says the people unanimously voted him to be the headman for the people who would move to Kachuta but chief Bepura is said to have decided to drop Murisa as headman and appoint Mamini as he feared that Murisa would be in a stronger position to take over the chieftainship on the death of the chief.
Villages in the area included Nekati, Chiwata, Matsika, Mavura, Murisa, Mhungu, Mazivanhanga, Marime, Damabaza and Chenhamo.
Boundary
The southern boundary is the tribal trust land boundary, that is Mavave river, but there are no other definite boundaries.
Functions of headman
Cases were heard from all the villages. All major cases and appeals were sent to chief Bepura. Murisa allocated land after consulting the chief.
Headman Chigwida
The group belongs to Pwere totem and their chidawo is Chevaviri. They originated from the Vadamba/Korekore tribe and they speak Korekore. Their area was known as Muruhore. Kausiyo Chigwida was appointed headman in 1963 by chief Bepura and the district commissioner Mr Leatt.
History
Chigwida came from Doma area with chief Bepura in 1943. The first person to have the title Chigwida was Kausiyo’s elder brother.
The vaillages included: Chigwida, Tigere, Dzukamanja and Bveni. Their boundary is determined by the location of the kraals in the area and there are no physical descriptions of the area.
Functions of headman
Cases were heard from all villages. Big cases and appeals were taken to chief Bepura. The headman allocates land after consulting chief Bepura who is the land authority.
Headman Chingwaro
They are from the Soko totem and ther chidawo is Wafawanaka. The group originated from the Korekore tribe and they speak Korekore. Their area was called Mushayamvura. Chipandu Chingwaro was appointed headman in 1963 by chief Bepura and the district commissioner and the appointment was agreed by all kraalheads. The basis for selection was Chipandu’s popularity.
History
Chipandu’s father was the first Chingwaro. Some time ago they lived at the same place and when they experienced lot of deaths they moved of their own volition to Mhevari (Lomagundi district) where they became integrated with Bepura’s people. They then shifted back when Bepura’s people moved back.
Villages included Chingwaro, Bosha, Magaya, Nyandoro, Biripiri, Matiwirira and Chikore.
Boundary
The boundary follows the Nyanhunzi river where it joins the Mavari river to Mapemberi hill in a straight line to Nyamarongonde river which is followed to Nyamasaki dip tank, straight to Hurayamwari hill, then to the boundary fence to Mavari then it follows the river to its confluence with Nyanhunzi river.
Functions of the headman
Cases are heard from all the villages, and some people take their cases directly to chief Bepura. Mandeza and Mateko were assessors at the court. The headman can allocate land after consulting with the chief.
Headman Gwashure
The group is of the Shumba totem and their praise name is Nechinanga. They originated from the Vatoko tribe and they speak Korekore language. Kabuta Gwashure (was alleged to be a cousin of the rightful holder of the title Gwashure, who was Kambiru, who was working at the European farms) claimed that himself, Mucherengi and Murisa were the assessors for Bepura in Domba and he was given his headmanship in 1955, then appointed in 1963 by Mr Leatt, chief Bepura after being selected by his people. No spiritual ceremony was conducted during the appointment, but the mhondoro Mukanyi was consulted by his great grandfather when he was appointed Gwashure.
Their geanealogy starts with Nyamavamba Mukanyi who was the first Gwashure followed by his son Gorombende who was succeeded by his grandson Gwashure who was Nyamadakara’s son. Gwashure was succeeded by his brother Rushongwa.
Villages in this area included Gwashure, Marumaoko, Mugugu, Gomo, Kawa, Damira, Chigamba, Mandaza, Muzanenhamo, Gwewo, Chitaunike and Munyoro. There were no boundary descriptions, but location of the kraals demarcated the area.
Functions of the headman
Cases were heard from the villages, and only minor cases were dealt with whereas major cases were referred to chief Bepura. The headman allocated land after consulting with the chief or people could go to the chief directly.
Headman Chigangaidze
This group belongs to the Vadzuwi tribe who speak Korekore language. Their totem is Mbano and their chidawo is Matemavi. Headman Mabuku Chigangaidze was appointed headman in 1963 by chief Bepura and district commissioner Mr Leatt after selection of the kraalheads. The basis for selection was popularity.
History
These people came from Damba with chief Bepura in 1943 when they were instructed to do so by the district commissioner of that area, Mr Champion. The Chigangaidze line of succession starts with Gatsi Chigangaidze who was the first then succeeded by his son Shayanewako followed by his brother Musarurwa who was then succeeded by Mabuku who was appointed in 1963.
Boundary
The boundary follows the Chinhoyi road from the Zambezi river to the demonstrator’s house at Nyanhunzi river down the river to Mapemberi hill then through headman Gwashure’s house to the borehole below Marumaoko kraal then to Dzvukamanja borehole, then to the Nyambezi river back to the Chinhoyi road.
Villages in the area included Chigangaidze, Bepura, Chiwako, Mukombachoto, Tawasika, Chitaura and Muchanyuri. Functions of the headman are like the other headmen above.
Headman Mucherengi
They occupied an area called Shayadima. They belong to the Shava totem, and their praise name is Mashongera. They are from the Korekore tribe, and they also speak Korekore language.
Mutota Mucherengi was appointed headman in 1963 by the district commissioner Mr Leatt and chief Bepura. He was the choice of the people because he was also a leader in Damba and was known as Mambo.
History
Mucherengi was a chief in Damba under chief Bepura and they allege he tried bigger cases than Murisa. They are not related to Murisa and were a nephew of Bepura. The mhondoro Najare, whose svikiro is Nyamaponda appointed Mucherengi. The line of succession was as follows: Mucherengi was the first followed by his son Kanyoka who was succeeded by his brother Madazvido who was then succeeded by Marufu who was Kanyoka’s son. After Marufu came Mutota who was Madazvido’s son.
There was no physical boundary description, but location of the kraals determined the area. Villages or kraals in the area included Muzhanje, Matekenya, Musonza, Gengezhamupinde, Mudzori, Magavaze, Ramba, Mucherengi, and Matope.
Functions of the headman are like other headmen above.
Headman Chininga
The group lived in an area called Wandikora. They belong to the Vatsunga tribe and they speak Korekore. Nhari was their totem and Unendoro is their praise name. Headman Mukototsi Chininga was appointed in 1963 by chief Bepura and the district commissioner Mr Leatt. He was selected based on kind heart and good character. The mhondoro Dumbu was consulted after Mukototsis’s appointment.
History
This group came from Damba together with chief Bepura. They trace their lineage from Chindori. Chidyausiku was the first headman and he was Chindori’s son. He was succeeded by his brother Ganda who was later succeeded by his brother Rwodzi. After Rwodzi came Mukototsi who was Ganda’s son.
Villages in the area included Mupfuranehwe, Mudarike, Chifamba, Hama, Mangwiro, Gaura, Mubayiwa, Chengo, Mabega and Chininga. There was no boundary description of the area.
Functions of the headman are like other headmen
Headman Nyamucherera
The group live in Nyakapupu area. They originated from the Zezuru tribe and they speak Korekore language. Their totem is Mbiri and their chidawo is Vadyagora. Headman Mbirimi Nyamucherera was appointed in 1963 by the district commissioner Mr Leatt and chief Bepura as the people’s choice. No spiritual ceremony accompanied the appointment.
History
The headman’s grandfather was the first Nyamucherera, his father Gomwe was second and he was the third. These people came from Damba to this area in 1943 and in Damba the headman was only a kraalhead.
Villages in the area included Tawasika, Chidyamudungwe, Chibondo, Nyamucherera, Rwodzi/ Zongororo, Mazarura and Zimuna/Pagwa. There was no boundary description provided.
Functions of the headman
The headman received cases from the villages through kraalheads, and he only dealt with minor cases whereas the major cases were referred to chief Bepura. The court assessors were Rwodzi, Mazarura and Chidyamudungwe. The chief directed newcomers to the headman and then the headman would allocate them land.
Headman Manini
The group lived in an area called Bvochora. Their totem is Pwere and their praise name is Chevaviri. The group belong to the Korekore tribe and they speak Korekore language. Headman Manini Manini was appointed as a government recognised headman on 1st of July 1964. He was selected by chief Bepura and the district commissioner Mr Leatt and he was approved by the people/ majority. Manini claimed to have been appointed to this position because he was a muchinda of chief Bepura. He claimed to share a common ancestor Chingwedza (whom they trace 6-7 generations) with chief Bepura. After the appointment Manini went to mhondoro Chingowo with a piece of black cloth after which the bangle/simbi was put on him by Mukwenya.
History
Manini’s people moved from Damba to Chipuriro tribal trust land in 1943 and occupied the approximate area now occupied by Chigwidza until they moved to Bvochora (Kachuta) in 1963.
Boundary
The boundary starts from the confluence of Mariratsoro and Hunyani rivers down the Hunyani to the northwest boundary of Nyakapupu African Purchase area, to Dope hill at farm 8, then in a direct line north-westwards through Bakoreshumba hill to Mariratsoro river back to the starting point.
Villages in the area included Manini, Muchada/Mubaiwa, Murimbika, Kubeta, Chiruka, Mafiro, Jombo, Mbodza, Shonhiwa, Konore, Mashayamombe, Mudindo, Chagwedera, Mashizha, Chomugwada, Museza, Kuyerukana, Kufakutsvene, Makiyi, Chitate/Chipamaso, Chimbanza, Magama and Mutoma/ Notisi.
Functions of the headman are like the other headmen.
CHIEF CHISUNGO
The group belong to the Nzou totem and Samanayanga, Mhukahuru are their chidawo. They originated from the Korekore tribe and they speak Korekore language. Their area was called Hangwa (Angwa river). Jasi Chasasa Chisungo was appointed chief in 1957. The chief was selected by the mhondoro called Nyamapfeka. The chief was appointed by the district commissioner Mr George “Vhudzijena”. The basis for selection was that he was the oldest in the clan at that time. The previous chief was Jasi’s brother.
The Chisungo genealogy is traced back to Nyamapfeka who was the first chief. He was succeeded by his son Nyamasoka who had two sons namely Nyamazunzu and Makanya who inherited his father’s throne. Makanya was succeeded by his son Dzeka. Dzeka had three sons called Chiparaushe, Chigwededza and Chisunga who all inherited respectively. Chisunga was succeeded by his son Matsviro and followed by Chigwededza’s sons Mandoka and Mande. After Mande came Chasasa Jasi.
History
Nyamapfeka is regarded as the founder of the tribe. He was born to a woman called Biri, the sister of Nyajore the son of Mutota. Mutota himself came from Guruuswa together with Chingowo, who gave rise to the Chipuriro chieftainship. Nyamapfeka’s birth was strange and it is said he was born clad in skins and possessed bows and arrows. His father is not known. When Nyamapfeka grew up he stole a bag of medicine from his uncle, Nyajore. This bag had majical powers. The young man ran away and settled at Angwa river where he found the Batonga people. Tribal fighting then ensued and Nyamapfeka emerged victorious. The Batonga were driven to the north.
Villages in the area included Mbairakuenda, Vheremu, Dzikamunhenga, Mande, Mavura, Mukunga (the chief’s own kraal), Zengeredzi, Muchoraringa, Chenjera, Mamera, Chabayanzara, Musiyakurima, Muzeza, Chimufombo, Murarakwa, Pedzapasi, Gunyungu, Muzveba, Gumi (at ozambiquian border), Nyahungwe, Chokura, Nzomba, Kafamauro, Kapesa, Mhetera, Kamufungu, Paraganda, Vinyu, Mayirapanze, Chigede, Mawodzeka, Murenza, Chidyara, Mubvundauswa and Tamupakare.
Boundary
The boundary starts at the intersection of Angwa river with the Mozambique and Zimbabwe international boundary, up Angwa on the east bank to its confluence with Mukanga river down the west bank to its confluence with Urira and up to a point about 8 miles upstream of the junction and back along the northern bank of Urira river and the confluence of Angwa, down to the confluence with Manyemu river, upstream for a short distance and back downstream on the other bank, follow Angwa to the international border. The boundary between chief Chisunga and Chapoto would be an imaginary line drawn through the waterless bush somewhere between Angwa and Zambezi rivers. Similarly, the boundary between chiefs Chisunga and Chitsungo would be an imaginary line through the bush between Angwa and Hunayani rivers.
In terms of movements- kraalhead Mamera came from Chitsungo area. Kraalheads Netera, Kamufungu, Vinyu and Chimufombo all came from Chapoto area.
Functions of the chief
He received cases from all kraalheads under him. Assessors of the court were Chimufombo, Pedzapasi, and Gideon (kraalhead of Siyakurimwa kraal). He was the land authority.
CHIEF CHAPOTO
The group belong to Vatsuwa tribe and their totem is Marunga. Their praise name is Zuze. Muwere Chapoto was appointed chief on the 17th of November 1951. The chief was selected by Katandika and kraalhead Pondo with the approval of all kraalheads. Manuwere virtually selected himself because there were no claimants and he was the eldest son of Chapoto as well as being the eldest of the generation.
The tribe is Vachikunda although they claim to be Vatsuwa. They were labelled the conquerors by Europeans in about 1890/1900 after their ancestors had routed VaKorekore. Their oldest ancestor known is Chowufombo. Born in the east possibly Mozambique. When he came to the area they found Vakorekore in the area after they had suffered from Matebele raids they asked Chowufombo to assist them and hence he was given the area to settle. Kanyemba conquered Matebele and the VaKorekore became subservient to him. He made a boundary with the Ndebele at Sanyati river.
Villages in the community included Marama, Chibowa, Kanyoka, Manuwere, Zhuwao, Kamhunga, Makaneta, Pondo, Bandera, Mukunapanja, Kabareti, Mutendahunga, Chitsiko, Kanhamo, Chiyambu and Minzi.
Boundary
The northern boundary is the Zambezi River. The western boundary is the Hurungwe forest reserve. The eastern boundary is the international boundary of Mozambique and Zimbabwe. The southern boundary is an imaginary line drawn through the bush and running parallel the Zambezi River.
Functions of the chief
Receives cases from all the villages through kraalheads and he is the land authority.
CHIEF MATSIWU
The group belong to the Vatande tribe. They belong to the Mumba totem and their chidawo is Shava. Bango Matsiwu was appointed chief on the 1st of April 1936. The previous chief was Mutira who died on the 13th of January 1934. Bango was the eldest son. He was nominated to succeed by the tribal mhondoro Bangomwe.
History
The tribe descended from Kanomupuno from the Zambezi, but they do not claim to come from Guruuswa. The ancestor is claimed to have lived in the same area with Mutota and Chingowo. They stole the chidawo from chief Chitsungo. It is alleged Chivere stole a ceremonial axe from them and announced that he had taken away their totem of Nzou Samanyanga and they had to look for another totem and this caused animosity between chiefs Matsiwu and Chitsungo.
Villages include Chawasarira, Gurupira, Matenhahunga, Kahuswa, Matanhura, Chigwededza, Kwainona, Kadanwa, Zuze, Masumba, Chikwasha, Dyoko, Vitirino, Mudzengereri, Chimururi, Chareka, Jamu, Matsiwu, Mazhero, Chenderamwano, Wachiwamba, Chimanga, Kamukombe, Gera, Mburuma, Masimba, Kunyeti, Kachiya, Chidodo, Kamupira, Mazuru, Kambirimi, Mutunda, Kusikwesora, Gatsi and Mundenguma.
Boundary
To the east the Matsiwu people border Chief Kasekete (Muzarabani) of Mt Darwin and the boundary is Musengezi river. To the south is Utete river and Zambezi escarpment. To the west is chief Chitsungo and the boundary is along the road leading to Hunyani mission. The boundary on the north is the Zimbabwe and Mozambiquean border.
Functions of chief
Receives cases from his headmen and he is the land authority
Headman Chiriwo
The group belong to Mumba totem and were formerly Nzou. Their chidawo is Matsiwu. They belong to the Vatande clan, and their area is called Bonga. Chiriwo was appointed headman in 1964 by chief Matsiwu himself. The headmanship was created by chief Matsiwu but it never existed before. There group was made up of two distinct clusters centred on Kadzi and Musengezi.
Vilages included Mutapi, Mufanechiya, Gomo, Museruka, Mawira, Chiriwo, Mawira, Kapasura, Chimupita, Mande, Kadembo, Pfeka, Mutenha, Muzeze, Nyamukuwa, Vareta, Chikuwe, Kapururira, Masusa, Chisese, Chitumba and Mwanza.
Boundary
The boundary started at the Zimbabwe and Mozambique border at confluence of Karembwe and Kadzi rivers, west to Sundi beacon to Chikafa/Hunyani mission to Hunyani river to its confluence with Gwase river, along Mahuwe and across the bush to Kadzi and to starting point.
Source: National Archives, S2929/2/7
Research conducted by Dr. Joshua Kumbani, an established academic in Archaeology who has lectured at a number of universities in South Africa, Spain, and Germany.
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